| concentric |
of circles or spheres, having the same middle point. |
| disarray |
confusion or disorder. |
| fledgling |
a young bird that has just grown flight feathers or learned to fly. |
| gusto |
vigorous or hearty enjoyment or appreciation. |
| hitherto |
until this time; previously. |
| infringe |
to cross established limits; encroach; trespass (usually followed by "on" or "upon"). |
| maxim |
a brief, concise statement of a general or basic truth or rule, especially for proper conduct. |
| parsimony |
excessive unwillingness to spend money or use resources; stinginess. |
| pauper |
a very poor person who must live on public money. |
| pique |
to cause (a feeling or action) to be aroused or incited. |
| podium |
a raised platform, as for a speaker or orchestra conductor; dais. |
| pragmatic |
concerned with actual causes and effects rather than abstract theories or ideas; practical. |
| referendum |
the submission of a legislative measure to a vote by the general public, or the vote thus taken. |
| resolute |
having or showing firmness, determination, or resolve. |
| retaliate |
to strike back; take revenge. |